Few of my peers were not interested in building model rockets. Maybe it was due to mankind’s worldwide fascination with manned flights, or maybe it was the apparent simplicity of building the model. A cardboard tube with three stabilizers and a head fairing made of foam or balsa, you will agree, is much simpler than even a basic model of an airplane or car. True, the enthusiasm of most young Korolevs, as a rule, disappeared at the stage of searching for a rocket engine. Those who remained had no choice but to master the basics of pyrotechnics.

There was an unspoken struggle between the Chief Designer of our rockets, Sergei Korolev, and the Chief Designer of our rocket engines, Valentin Glushko, for the title of the Most Important: who is really more important, the designer of rockets or their engines? Glushko is credited with a catchphrase, allegedly uttered by him in the midst of such a dispute: “Yes, I’ll tie a fence to my engine - it will go into orbit!” However, these words are by no means empty boasting. The rejection of the Glushkov engines led to the collapse of the royal H-1 lunar rocket and deprived the USSR of any chance of winning the lunar race. Glushko, having become the general designer, created the super-powerful Energia launch vehicle, which no one has yet been able to surpass.

Cartridge engines

The same pattern worked in amateur rocket science - a rocket that had a more powerful engine flew higher. Despite the fact that the first rocket modeling engines appeared in the USSR even before the war, in 1938, Evgeniy Buksh, the author of the book “Fundamentals of Rocket Modeling” published in 1972, took a cardboard cartridge case of a hunting cartridge as the basis for such an engine. The power was determined by the caliber of the original sleeve, and engines were produced by two pyrotechnic workshops of DOSAAF until 1974, when the decision was made to organize rocket modeling sports in the country. To participate in international competitions, engines were required that were suitable in their parameters to the requirements of the international federation.

Their development was entrusted to the Perm Research Institute polymer materials. Soon an experimental batch was produced, on the basis of which Soviet rocket modeling began to develop. Since 1982, serial production of engines began intermittently at the state-owned Impulse plant in the Ukrainian Shostka - 200-250 thousand units were produced per year. Despite the severe shortage of such engines, this was the heyday of Soviet amateur model rocketry, which ended in 1990 simultaneously with the closure of production in Shostka.

Engine tuning

The quality of serial engines, as you might guess, was not suitable for serious competitions. Therefore, a small-scale pilot production appeared next to the plant in 1984, providing the national team with its products. Particularly notable were the engines privately manufactured by master Yuri Gapon.

What exactly is the difficulty of production? At its core, a model rocket engine is the simplest device: a cardboard tube with DRP-3P black powder pressed inside (smoky gun powder 3rd composition for pressed products) with a ceramic plug with a nozzle-hole on one side and a wad with an expelling charge on the other . The first problem that serial production could not cope with was the accuracy of the dosage, on which the final total impulse of the engine depended. The second is the quality of the cases, which often cracked when pressed under pressure of three tons. Well, the third one is the quality of the pressing itself. However, quality problems arose not only in our country. The serial rocket engines of another great space power, the United States, do not shine with them either. And the best model engines are made by microscopic factories in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, from where they are smuggled for especially important events.

Nevertheless, under socialism there were engines, albeit unimportant and in short supply. Now they don't exist at all. Some children's rocket modeling studios fly on old, Soviet reserves, turning a blind eye to the fact that the expiration date has long passed. Athletes use the services of a couple of lone craftsmen, and if they are lucky, then smuggled Czech engines. The only way left for amateurs is to first become Glushko before becoming Korolev. That is, make the engines yourself. Which, in fact, is what my friends and I did as children. Thank God, everyone’s fingers and eyes remained in place.

Of all the arts

Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us, Ilyich liked to say. For amateur rocket scientists of the middle of the last century, too. Because film and photographic films of that time were made from celluloid. Tightly rolled into a small roll and stuffed into a paper tube with stabilizers, it allowed a simple rocket to take off to the height of a five-story building. Such engines had two main drawbacks: the first was low power and, as a consequence, low flight altitude; the second is the non-renewability of celluloid film reserves. For example, my father’s photo archive was only enough for a couple of dozen launches. Now, by the way, it’s a pity.

The maximum altitude at a fixed total engine impulse was achieved with a short-term fourfold jump in power at the start and a further transition to a smooth average thrust. The thrust jump was achieved by forming a hole in the fuel charge.

The second version of the engines was assembled, so to speak, from the waste of the Soviet army. The fact is that when firing at artillery ranges (and one of them was located not far from us), the propellant charge does not burn out completely when fired. And if you searched carefully in the grass in front of the positions, you could find quite a lot of tubular gunpowder. The simplest rocket was obtained by simply wrapping such a tube in ordinary chocolate foil and setting it on fire at one end. Such a rocket flew, although it was not high and unpredictable, but it was fun. A powerful engine was obtained by collecting long tubes in a bag and pushing them into a cardboard case. A primitive nozzle was also made from baked clay. This engine worked very effectively, lifted the rocket quite high, but often exploded. Besides, it doesn’t look much like an artillery range.

The third option was an attempt at almost industrial production of a rocket model engine using homemade black powder. It was made from potassium nitrate, sulfur and activated carbon(he constantly jammed his parents' coffee grinder, on which I ground him into dust). I admit honestly, my powder engines worked intermittently, raising the rockets only a couple of tens of meters. I found out the reason only a couple of days ago - the engines had to be pressed in not with a hammer in the apartment, but with a school press in the laboratory. But who, one wonders, would have let me press in rocket engines in the seventh grade?!

Two of the rarest engines that PM managed to get: MRD 2, 5−3-6 and MRD 20−10−4. From the Soviet reserves of the rocket model section in the Children's House of Creativity on Vorobyovy Gory.

Working with poisons

The pinnacle of my engine-building activity was a rather toxic engine that ran on a mixture of zinc dust and sulfur. I traded both ingredients with a classmate, the son of the director of the city pharmacy, for a pair of rubber Indians, the most convertible currency of my childhood. I got the recipe from a terribly rare translated Polish rocket model book. And he filled the engines in my father’s gas mask, which was kept in our closet - in the book, special emphasis was placed on the toxicity of zinc dust. The first trial run was carried out without parents in the kitchen. A column of flame from the engine clamped in a vice roared towards the ceiling, smoking a spot a meter in diameter on it and filling the apartment with such stinking smoke that a box of smoked cigars cannot be compared. It was these engines that provided me with record launches—probably fifty meters. Imagine my disappointment when, twenty years later, I learned that the children’s rockets of our scientific editor Dmitry Mamontov flew many times higher!

1, 2, 4) If you have a factory rocket engine, even a schoolboy can handle building a simple rocket primary classes. 3) A product of amateur creativity - an engine made from a cartridge case.

On fertilizers

Dmitry's engine was simpler and more technologically advanced. The main component of its rocket fuel is sodium nitrate, which was sold in hardware stores as fertilizer in 3 and 5 kg bags. Saltpeter served as an oxidizing agent. And the fuel used was ordinary newspaper, which was soaked in a supersaturated (hot) saltpeter solution and then dried. True, during the drying process, saltpeter began to crystallize on the surface of the paper, which led to a slowdown in combustion (and even extinguishing). But here know-how came into play - Dmitry ironed the newspaper with a hot iron, literally melting the saltpeter into the paper. This cost him a damaged iron, but such paper burned very quickly and stably, emitting a large number of hot gases. Cardboard tubes stuffed with saltpeter paper rolled into a tight roll with improvised nozzles made from bottle caps flew up a hundred or two meters.

Caramel

The paranoid ban of the Russian authorities on the sale to the public of various chemicals from which explosives can be made (and they can be made from almost anything, even from sawdust), is compensated by the availability via the Internet of recipes for almost all types of rocket fuel, including, for example, the composition of fuel for accelerators “ Shuttle" (69.9% ammonium perchlorate, 12.04% polyurethane, 16% aluminum powder, 0.07% iron oxide and 1.96% hardener).

Cardboard or foam rocket bodies and gunpowder-based fuel do not seem to be very serious achievements. But who knows - maybe these are the first steps of a future designer of interplanetary spacecraft?

The undisputed hit of amateur rocket engine building today are the so-called caramel engines. The fuel recipe is indecently simple: 65% potassium nitrate KNO3 and 35% sugar. The saltpeter is dried in a frying pan, after which it is crushed in a regular coffee grinder, slowly added to the melted sugar and hardens. The result of creativity is fuel bombs, from which any engines can be assembled. Spent cartridge cases from hunting cartridges are perfect for engine housings and shapes - hello to the thirties! There are unlimited quantities of cartridges at any shooting stand. Although recognized experts recommend using not sugar, but sorbitol caramel in the same proportions: sugar develops greater pressure and, as a result, inflates and burns the cartridges.

Back to the Future

The situation can be said to have returned to the 1930s. Unlike other types of model sports, where the lack of domestic engines and other components can be compensated for by imports, this does not happen in rocket modeling sports. In our country, model rocket engines are equated to explosives, with all the attendant conditions for storage, transportation and transportation across the border. A Russian person capable of organizing the import of such products has not yet been born on earth.

There is only one way out - production at home, fortunately the technology here is not space technology at all. But factories that have licenses to produce such products do not take on them - they would be interested in this business only with millions of copies. So novice rocket modelers from the largest space power are forced to fly on caramel rockets. Whereas in the United States, reusable model rocket engines running on hybrid fuel have now begun to appear: nitrous oxide plus solid fuel. What country do you think will fly to Mars in thirty years?

Useful tips

Making a rocket is always interesting, especially with children.

You can compete or just play with a toy rocket and launch it into the air.

There are many different ways, how to make a rocket with your own hands, and we will tell you about some of them.

Option 1

How to make a flying rocket

You will need:

1 sheet of paper

Adhesive tape (electrical tape)

Scissors

Ballpoint pen large tube (for launching a rocket)

Glue gun (can be replaced with PVA glue, but it will take longer to dry)

1. Cut the paper into 2 halves approximately 5 cm wide.

2. Prepare a ballpoint pen and disassemble it to get a tube.

3. Attach a piece of duct tape to one of the paper halves. Flip this paper over and wrap it around the handle to create a rocket body.

4. Secure the curled paper with duct tape. You can use tape to completely wrap the body and then pull out the handle. You can trim some uneven ends with scissors.

5. Seal one end of the rocket body with duct tape.

6. Prepare 3 pieces of duct tape. They need to be folded so that they form tail fins for the rocket (stabilizers).

7. Take one piece of duct tape and fold it in half, but do not glue it completely. Using scissors, cut the tape at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to obtain triangular shape stabilizer. You only need to prepare 3 of these things.

8. Attach the stabilizers to the rocket using the parts you didn't glue together. Attach them at equal distances from each other around the base of the rocket.

9. Take the other half of the paper and make a cone out of it, which can then be attached to the body.

10. Cut off the excess portion of the rocket nose and wrap the cone with tape to reinforce it. Pay special attention to the tip of the nose.

11. Fill the cone about 3/4 full with glue. Take the rocket body and insert it into the cone with the sealed part. Hold in this position for a few seconds to allow the parts to set.

To launch a rocket, simply insert a tube (disassembled handle) into its body, hold it with two fingers and blow hard! The rocket will fly even higher if you use a pump.

Option 2

How to make a rocket out of cardboard

A very good rocket can be made if you use a cardboard cylinder from cling film, foil or toilet paper.

Just prepare: a cardboard tube, colored paper and scissors.

1. Prepare colored paper and cut out a quarter circle from it.

2. Glue a cone from the blank. If necessary, trim it to size. Also make several cuts along the edge.

3. It's time to glue the cone to the tube.

4. Decorate the rocket. You can use colored paper, stickers or markers.

5. Your rocket needs wings. They need to be cut and glued. Also, do not forget about the valves for gluing, which must be left in advance.

6. Glue all the wings to the rocket.

Option 3

Origami rocket

This rocket model is very beautiful, and you simply must make it with your children. Everyone will have a lot of fun and everyone will be pleased with the end result.

Assembling such a rocket is not difficult, just do everything as shown in the video tutorial.

The assembly itself should take no more than 15 minutes. You can make it from colored paper.

Origami paper rocket

Another version of the origami rocket.

Option 4

DIY paper rocket

Such a rocket can be made for children. So that they play, dreaming of flying into space.

The most interesting thing is that such a rocket is launched if you blow.

Prepare a disposable deep plate (bowl) as a base.

Prepare a paper cylinder from foil, paper towel or toilet paper and use it to make a rocket as shown in.

Prepare thick paper and make a tube out of it.

Do in disposable plate a hole whose diameter is slightly larger than or equal to the diameter of the tube.

Insert the tube into the hole. You can secure it with tape or tape.

All that remains is to launch the rocket - just put it on the tube and blow hard and the rocket will fly.

You can download the markup of all the necessary parts.

Option 5

Paper craft. Rocket.

To make this easy paper rocket model you will need colored paper and colored cigarette.

* The body and stabilizers are made of colored paper, and the parachute for its smooth descent is made of colored tissue paper.

* Prepare a sheet of paper measuring 170x250 mm and make a cone out of it as shown in the image.

1. Preparing the cone

The paper will curl more easily into a cone if you stretch it between the table and the ruler.

Apply glue to the edge of the cone and glue it together.

Prepare a template for the base of the cone. It can be made from cardboard or thick paper. It is worth noting that the template is needed because it is used to trim the rocket body.

Now you need to put the template on the finished cone, draw a line with a pencil along which you will need to cut with scissors to get rid of the excess.

2. We are preparing stabilizers.

Prepare 3 sheets of thick colored paper measuring 8x17 mm.

Each sheet must be folded in half lengthwise and placed on each according to the template (N1 and N2) and circled with a simple pencil.

Cut out the stabilizers.

You need to bend the edges of the stabilizers and connect them with glue.

Our rocket has three pairs of stabilizers (large and small). They are there to give the rocket stability during flight.

On the template, mark 3 points that are equidistant from each other (it's like dividing a circle into 3 equal parts).

Using a template and three marks, mark three points on the rear of the rocket and connect these points to the nose of the rocket.

Using the marked lines, begin gluing the stabilizers.

3. To make a parachute canopy, prepare tissue paper. Its size should be 280x280 mm.

Fold the paper several times as shown in the image and cut it. You have a dome.

4. Prepare slings from threads. There should be a total of 8 slings of the same size.

For the right size, calculate 1.5 times the length of the parachute canopy diameter and add the length of the rocket body to the resulting value.

Now you need to glue the lines to the parachute canopy. Paper patches will help you. After this, fold the parachute canopy so that the lines along with the patches are collected one to the other.

The steam engine was surpassed by the Chinese Army's gunpowder tubes and then by liquid fuel rockets invented by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and developed by Robert Goddard. This article describes five ways to build a rocket at home, from simple to more complex; at the end you can find an additional section explaining the basic principles of rocket construction.

Steps

Balloon rocket

Tie one end of the fishing line or thread to the support. The support can be the back of a chair or a door handle.

Pass the thread through a plastic drinking straw. The thread and tube will serve as a navigation system with which you can control the trajectory of your rocket from balloon.

Model rocket kits use a similar technology, where a tube of similar length is attached to the rocket body. This tube is threaded through a metal tube on the launch platform to keep the rocket upright until launch.

Tie the other end of the thread to another warp. Be sure to pull the thread taut before doing this.

Inflate the balloon. Pinch the tip of the balloon to prevent air from escaping. You can use your fingers, a paper clip, or a clothespin.

Glue the ball to the tube with tape.

Release the air from the balloon. Your rocket will fly along a set trajectory, from one end of the thread to the other.
- You can make this rocket with either long or round balloons, and also experiment with the length of the straw. You can also change the angle at which the rocket's flight path takes place to see how it affects the distance your rocket will travel.
- You can make a jet boat in a similar way: Cut a milk carton lengthwise. Cut a hole in the bottom and thread the ball through it. Inflate the balloon, then place the boat in a bath of water and release the air from the balloon.
Wrap the rectangle tightly around a pencil or dowel. Start rolling the strip of paper from the end of the pencil, not from the center. Part of the strip should hang over the pencil lead or the end of the dowel.
- Use a pencil or dowel slightly thicker than the drinking straw, but not much thicker.
Tape the edge of the paper to prevent it from unraveling. Tape the paper along the entire length of the pencil.

Fold the overhanging edge into a cone. Secure with tape.

Remove the pencil or dowel.

Check the rocket for holes. Gently blow into the open end of the rocket. Listen for any sound that indicates air is escaping from the sides or end of the rocket and gently feel the rocket to feel the air escaping. Seal any holes in the rocket and test the rocket again until you have repaired all the holes.

Add tail fins to the open end of the paper rocket. Since this rocket is quite narrow, it will be easier to cut and glue two pairs of adjacent fins than three or four separate small fins.

Place the tube in the open part of the rocket. Make sure the tube sticks out enough from the rocket so that you can pinch the end with your fingers.

Blow sharply into the tube. Your rocket will fly high with the force of your breath.
- Always point the tube and rocket upward and not at anyone when you fire the rocket.
- Build several different rockets to see how different changes affect its flight. Also try launching your rockets with your breath different strengths to find out how the force of your breathing affects the distance your rocket travels.
- The toy, which looked like a paper rocket, consisted of a plastic cone on one end and a plastic parachute on the other. The parachute was attached to a stick, which was then inserted into a cardboard tube. When they blew into the tube, the plastic cone caught the air and flew up. Having reached the maximum height, the stick fell away, after which the parachute opened.

Film can rocket

Decide how long/height you want to build your rocket. The recommended length is 15 cm, but you can make it longer or shorter.

Get a can of film. It will serve as the combustion chamber for your rocket. You can find such a jar in photo stores that still work with film.
- Find a jar that snaps on the inside rather than the outside.
- If you can't find a film bottle, you can use an old plastic medicine bottle with a snap-on lid. If you can't find a jar with a snap-on lid, you can find a stopper that fits tightly into the mouth of the jar.
Build a rocket. The easiest way to make a rocket body is to use the same method as for a paper rocket launched through a tube: simply wrap a piece of paper around a film can. Since this jar will serve as the launcher for your rocket, you'll want to tape some paper to it to keep it from flying off.

Decide where you want to launch your rocket. It is recommended to launch this type of rocket in an open space or on the street, as the rocket can fly quite high.

Fill the jar 1/3 full with water. If there is no water source near your launch pad, you can fill the rocket somewhere else and carry it upside down to the pad, or bring water to the platform and fill the rocket there.

Break an effervescent tablet in half and place one half in water.

Close the jar and turn the rocket upside down.

Move to a safe distance. When the tablet dissolves in water, it will release carbon dioxide. Pressure will build up inside the jar and rip the lid off, launching your rocket skyward.

Match rocket

Cut a small triangle of aluminum foil. It should be an isosceles triangle with a base of 2.5 cm and a median of 5 cm.

Take a match from the matchbox.

Attach the match to a straight pin so that the sharp tip of the pin reaches the head of the match, but is not longer than it.

Wrap the aluminum triangle around the match and pin heads, starting at the very top. Wrap the foil as tightly as possible around the match without knocking the needle out of position. When you have completed this process, the wrapper should extend approximately 6.25mm below the match head.

Remember the foil with your nails. This will push the foil closer to the match head and better mark the channel formed by the pin under the foil.

Carefully pull out the needle so as not to tear the foil.

Make a launch pad out of a paper clip.

Bend the outer fold of the paperclip at a 60-degree angle. This will be the basis of the launch platform.
Fold the inside fold of the paperclip up and slightly to the side to create an open triangle. You will attach the foil-wrapped match head to it.

Place the launch pad on the rocket launch site. Again, find an open spot outside as this rocket can travel quite a bit. long distance. Avoid dry areas as the match rocket may start a fire.
- Make sure there are no people or animals near your spaceport before you launch your rocket.
Place the match rocket on the launch pad with the head facing up. The rocket must be positioned at a minimum of 60 degrees from the base of the launch pad and the ground. If it's a little lower, bend the paperclip further until you get the angle you want.

Launch the rocket. Light a match and place the flame just below the wrapped match rocket head. When the phosphorus in the rocket is ignited, the rocket will take off.
- Keep a bucket of water nearby to extinguish used matches to ensure they are completely extinguished.
- If a rocket unexpectedly hits you, freeze, fall to the ground and roll around until you knock the fire off of you.

Water rocket

Prepare one empty two-liter bottle to serve as the pressure chamber for your rocket. Because a plastic bottle is used in the construction of this rocket, it is sometimes called a bottle rocket. They should not be confused with a type of firecracker that is also known as bottle rockets because they are often launched from inside a bottle. This form of bottle rocket is banned in many places; water rocket is not prohibited.

Make fins. Since the plastic rocket body is quite strong, especially after being reinforced with tape, you will need equally strong fins. Hard cardboard may work for this, but it will only last a few starts. It is best to use plastic similar to what plastic file folders are made from.
- The first step is to come up with a design for your fins and create a paper stencil to cut out the plastic fins. Whatever your fins are, remember that you'll need to fold each one in half later for strength. They should also reach the point where the bottle begins to narrow.
- Cut out the stencil and use it to cut out three or four identical fins from plastic or cardboard.
- Bend the fins in half and attach them to the body of the rocket with strong tape.
- Depending on the design of your rocket, you may need to make the fins longer than the bottle neck/rocket nozzle.
Create the nose cone and payload bay. For this you will need a second two-liter bottle.
- Cut out the bottom of an empty bottle.
- Place the payload on the top of the cut bottle. The load can be anything, from a lump of plasticine to a ball of elastic bands. Place the cut bottom part inside the bottle so that the bottom is directed towards its neck. Secure the structure with tape, and then glue this bottle to the bottom of the bottle, which acts as a pressure chamber.
- The nose of a rocket can be made from anything, from a cap plastic bottle to a polyvinyl tube or plastic cone. Once you've decided on the nose you want for your rocket and assembled it, attach it to the top of the rocket.
Test your rocket's balance. Place the rocket on your index finger. The balance point should be just above the pressure chamber (at the bottom of the first bottle). If the balance point is off, remove the positive weight section and change the weight of the weight.
Choose a spaceport for your rocket. As with the rockets above, you should only launch the water rocket outdoors. Since this rocket is larger and stronger than other rockets, you will need a larger open space to launch. The spaceport should also be located on a flatter surface. Air has mass, and the denser that mass (especially near the Earth's surface), the more it holds back objects that try to move through the air. Rockets need to be streamlined (have an elongated, elliptical shape) to minimize the friction they must overcome as they fly through the air, so most missiles have a pointed nose cone.

3. Balance the rocket at its center of mass. The overall weight of the rocket must be balanced around a specific point inside the rocket to ensure that it will fly straight and not tumble. This point can be called the balance point, center of mass or center of gravity.
- The center of mass is different in every rocket. Generally, the balance point will be just above the fuel or pressure chamber.
- While payload helps raise the rocket's center of mass above its pressure chamber, too heavy a payload will make the rocket too top-heavy, leading to difficulty keeping the rocket upright before launch and guiding the rocket during it. For this reason, integrated circuits were included in spacecraft computers to reduce their weight. (This led to the use of similar integrated circuits (or chips) in calculators, electronic watches, personal computers, and in Lately also on tablets and smartphones.)
4. Stabilize the rocket using the tail fins. The fins allow the rocket to fly straight by providing air resistance against changes in direction. Some fins are made to be longer than the rocket nozzle, helping to keep the rocket upright before launch.
- Always wear safety glasses when launching any free-flying rocket (except a rocket from hot air balloon). For larger free-flying rockets, such as water rockets, it is also recommended to wear a crash helmet to protect your head if the rocket hits you.
- Do not fire any of the free-flying missiles at another person.
- The presence of adults is strongly recommended when operating any of the rockets propelled by anything other than human breathing.

A rocket made at home is not science fiction. All you need to make a flying rocket is paper, foil, saltpeter... and a little practical knowledge, as outlined in this article.

The origins of rockets begin with the Fire Arrow, which flew on gunpowder during the Chinese Han Dynasty, with the rockets of Congreve and Gale during the American Civil War and the discovery of the formula by K.E. Tsiolkovsky. In those distant times there were no powerful computers and high technologies. Of course, nowadays a rocket is a product of human thought and science; it is capable of developing enormous speeds, lifting multi-ton loads and carrying them into the depths of space. But rocket technology is not shrouded in darkness and is not kept under a veil of secrecy; it is quite accessible, so anyone can make a simple rocket without much effort.

Rocket design

The rocket consists of five main parts:

1 rocket fairing- This is a conical-shaped part of a rocket designed to reduce air resistance when flying in the atmosphere.

2 fuel tank- this is the part of the rocket structure that provides it with fuel. For liquid-fuel rockets, the fuel tank is divided into a fuel tank (hydrogen, kerosene, etc.) and an oxidizer tank, which is located above the fuel tank (oxygen, nitrogen tetroxide, etc.). For solid propellant rockets, the fuel tank is connected to the combustion chamber and, during the combustion of the fuel, itself performs the function of a combustion chamber.

3 the combustion chamber- serves to burn fuel and release the resulting gases. Since the combustion reaction occurs with the formation high temperatures, then the gases, when heated, expand, creating high pressure according to the ideal gas law (PV=nRT, P – pressure; T – temperature; V, n, R – remain constant), which pushes gases out of the rocket, pushing it upward.

4. rocket nozzle– serves to accelerate and set the direction of the stream of gases leaving the combustion chamber. A simple nozzle (venturi tube) consists of a section of gradually tapering cross-section to accelerate gases. Due to the fact that the inlet speed is proportional to the cross-sectional area, as the area decreases, the speed increases:

W at the outlet = W at the inlet * S cross section of the combustion chamber / S cross section of the nozzle; where W is speed; S - area.

However, as the cross-section decreases, the gas pressure in the combustion chamber increases, so the cross-section must be optimal so that the operating pressure does not rupture the chamber.

5. rocket stabilizer- this is a part of the rocket located in the tail section and serves to shift back the center of pressure of the aerodynamic forces acting on the rocket when flying in the atmosphere. In addition, the stabilizers can be equipped with elevators to control the movement of the rocket.

How to make a rocket with your own hands

The simplest rockets are solid fuel rockets, which makes the rocket less dangerous, the fuel easier to work with and easier to create. But such missiles also have a minus - this is the irreversibility of the launch process, in which it is impossible to stop the fuel combustion process and the small impulse. But we are happy with this option; we are not planning to launch Belka and Strelka into space!

The fuel is not completely contained in the rocket; there is a chute inside the fuel compartment. Its necessity is due to the fact that during the combustion process the fuel heats up, while it expands, creating a load on the walls of the rocket. Such a load can deform or even cause cracks in the body, which can have a negative impact on flight. Therefore, an empty space, a trench, is allocated to reduce expansion in the direction of the rocket walls.

The fuel can be gunpowder (packed in the form of a checker) or paper soaked in saltpeter, but a better recommendation is an alloy of sugar or sorbitol with potassium nitrate or ammonium perchlorate in a ratio of 2:3. You can also buy a cheap one with a large selection of impulse (lifting thrust) and use it to create a rocket for flight. Such engines already have a nozzle, which simplifies the assembly task, and the used engine can subsequently be replaced with another, making the rocket reusable.

It is better to make the body and fairing of the rocket from parchment, since it is heat-resistant compared to paper or aluminum pipe. A nozzle can be made for a parchment rocket by squeezing the end of the rocket into four pieces and twisting them to narrow the hole. Later secure the nozzle with thread. For rockets with a metal body, you need to select a plug with a hole in the middle.

The plug is attached to the surface by soldering with cold welding or soldering acid.

You can also make rockets without a nozzle, but the speed of the rocket will be lower. The stabilizer is made of cardboard or plywood and glued to the body with glue.

The fuel is ignited by a fuse or electric igniter. Our interesting and informative master classes, equipped with diagrams of parts and details, will tell you what and how to make a rocket with your own hands. process. The scope for creativity here is very large, and the work requires such simple and accessible items as paper, cardboard, plastic bottles, matches, foil and other available materials. The model can be exclusively a souvenir and then used as a gift to one of your relatives and friends. Well, for the most curious and creative, we have prepared lessons describing the creation of a rocket that flies. It’s also not difficult to do, however, launching is only permissible outdoors and only if basic safety rules are observed.

How to make a rocket with your own hands so that it flies - a simple master class for children

This simple and accessible master class will teach your child how to make a flying paper rocket with their own hands. The work will require a minimum of materials, but, nevertheless, in order for everything to work out as needed, you will have to show attention and accuracy. The smoother and clearer the fold lines are, the more aerodynamic the craft will be and the farther it can fly.

Necessary materials for making a flying rocket with your own hands

A4 sheet of paper
scissors
rubber bands for money

Step-by-step instructions on how children can make a flying rocket with their own hands

In the center paper sheet make a neat vertical fold, and then fold the top corners along it.
Then, at the corners adjacent to the center line, bend the halves and continue the fold lines on both sides to the very bottom of the sheet.
Bend the outer corners of the sheet inward to form a sharp nose on the workpiece.
Then fold the paper blank in half along the center fold line.
Fold each wing (half) in half.
On the resulting triangle, make an oblique fold closer to the front of the nose.
Using scissors, make an incision along the fold, but not all the way, but only on the outer folding part.
Unfold the workpiece like a book and fold the edges under the cut in half inward.
Fold the rocket exactly in half so that it turns out very thin and narrow.
To launch a rocket, take two rubber bands for money and fold them as shown in the photo.
Hook the loop created at one end onto the sharp protrusion of the rocket. Take the second one in your hand, pull the rocket to the maximum distance and release it so that it flies. Do not point it at the face, as the flight speed will be very high and the craft may injure the skin.

How to make a cardboard rocket with your own hands - diagrams of parts and work process

Following the recommendations of this master class, you can make a voluminous and beautiful one with your own hands. themed toy- a space rocket made of cardboard and colored paper. The lesson includes not only detailed description And step by step photos, but also diagrams that will make it easy to cut out important small details.

Necessary materials for making your own cardboard rocket

set of colored paper
single-sided colored cardboard
paper towel roll
scissors
stapler
ruler
pencil
PVA construction
satin braid in bright colors

Step-by-step instructions on how to make a space rocket out of cardboard and paper

Cut a piece from a sheet of red colored paper with a semicircular top and a more even bottom.
Roll it into a cone and secure the junction of the edges with a stapler.
Cut the edges with a zigzag so that the paper fits the base better in the future. Coat the inside of the cone with glue, put it on a cardboard paper towel tube and press the edges well.
From a sheet of colored paper, cut out a fragment corresponding in length and height to the dimensions of a paper towel roll. Coat the edge of this blank with glue, and then wrap it around the entire rocket body and carefully press it at the joint.
On a piece of cardboard, draw a diagram of the rocket nozzles with a simple pencil and cut it out with scissors. This will be the template.
Using a cardboard template, cut out 3-4 nozzles from colored paper in contrasting shades. Then these fragments will become supports.
Mark the fold lines on the nozzles and draw them with scissors so that they become visible and clear. Glue the parts at the bottom of the rocket body.
Cut out several circles from dark paper and glue them onto the front of the rocket. These will be portholes.
Cut several (3-6) small pieces from bright satin braid, singe the edges on the fire so that the threads do not come out. Glue it inside the tail of the rocket and hold it for a while so that the glue has time to set.
Place the finished rocket or place it sideways on a flat surface.

How to make a bottle rocket so it flies high - video

In this video, the authors - father and son - tell how to make a rocket from a plastic bottle at home. The work uses the most common materials that are always at hand. The entire process is shown in great detail, and the expediency of each action is clearly and clearly explained. A special point that is emphasized is the safety of manufacturing and further launch, and this is extremely important for both adults and children.

How to make a space rocket with your own hands from paper at home

At home, you can make a real space rocket with your own hands from the most ordinary paper. The work is not too difficult, but requires accuracy and attention. Children school age can easily cope with this task themselves, and the kids from kindergarten A little help from educators, parents or older brothers or sisters will come in handy.

Necessary materials for a paper space rocket

paper
insulating tape
scissors
glue gun (or PVA glue)
plastic empty straw ballpoint pen

Step-by-step instructions for making a paper rocket at home

From a sheet of paper, cut out two pieces of the same length and width of approximately 5 centimeters.
Attach a small piece of electrical tape to one piece of paper and wrap it around a plastic ballpoint pen tube several times. Try to stretch the paper evenly so that it fits neatly around the plastic base. This will become the body of the future rocket.
Secure the edge of the paper with electrical tape to prevent it from unraveling in the future. Carefully cut off possible irregularities with stationery scissors.
Cut a small piece of electrical tape and seal the rocket body on one side with it.
Cut three pieces of electrical tape approximately 6-7 centimeters long. Fold each of them in half, but do not glue them together until the very end. Using scissors, cut the edge at a 45 degree angle and attach to the tail of the rocket. These will be stabilizers.
Roll the remaining half of the paper into a cone shape and wrap it with electrical tape for strength.
Cut off a small piece from the nose of the rocket.
Fill the cone ¾ full with adhesive solution and insert the clogged part of the rocket base into it. Hold the structure in such a position for some time so that the glue sets and the parts acquire integrity. Place the finished work on a flat surface or cardboard stand.

How to make a rocket from matches and foil - master class

This simple and accessible tutorial explains how to make a rocket at home using matches and foil. The work requires the most simple materials, and the process itself takes literally a few minutes. Then you can even launch an improvised aircraft, however, you should remember that such events should only be carried out outdoors and, preferably, in the presence of adults.

Necessary materials for making a rocket from foil and matches

kitchen matches – 1 box
foil
paper clip (or wire)
needle (or safety pin)
scissors

Step-by-step instructions for a master class on making your own rocket from matches

Lay out a sheet of foil on the table, cut out a small fragment measuring 5x10 centimeters from it and cut it out with scissors.
Place a regular match and a needle together so that the sharp tip of the needle is adjacent to the place where the match is covered with sulfur.
Then wrap the structure with a pre-prepared piece of foil from the edge where the sulfur is located. Act very carefully and carefully. Make sure that the head with sulfur is completely covered with foil and no air gets inside.
After all these operations, very carefully pull out the needle, trying not to damage the integrity of the foil layer. As a result, a small hole is formed through which the gas created during combustion can escape, and the rocket can be launched into flight.
To make a stand, bend the core of a strong and strong paper clip to the side.
Attach the rocket to the stand and leave it in this position. If the work is solely of a souvenir nature, it can be placed in a cabinet under glass or placed on a table (or on any other flat and reliable surface). When plans include a launch, you should remember that it can only be carried out on the street in compliance with basic safety rules.
To send it into flight, simply place the rocket launcher on a flat surface, light another match and bring the fire to where the foil covers the sulfur.